Fasting with Type 2 Diabetes: What Works, What Doesn't and What You Need to Know
Fasting may have a favorable effect on insulin resistance and, in studies, has contributed to remission. With some medications, however, it can become dangerous. Here you will learn where the opportunities lie, where the limits are and why the safe route is always a supervised one.
With type 2 diabetes, fasting is not a lifestyle trend you simply try out. It is a strong stimulus on a system that is currently being kept in balance with medication. The question is not whether fasting is good or bad. The question is whether your path there is planned safely.
Maybe you have already read about it. In a podcast, in a magazine, in the waiting room. Intermittent fasting is said to lower blood glucose, make medication unnecessary, even make diabetes disappear. And part of you thinks: finally, something I can do myself.
Another part of you is skeptical. You take your tablets in the morning, maybe you inject insulin in the evening. What happens if you suddenly go sixteen hours without eating? Am I even allowed to do that?
Both voices have a point. And that is exactly what this article is about. I will show you what research on fasting with type 2 diabetes has shown so far, where it offers hope and where it puts up clear warning signs. Without miracle promises, but also without fearmongering.
What to expect in this article
- Why fasting may be interesting in insulin resistance
- What remission means and what it doesn't
- The key studies on remission and fasting
- The twin cycle idea: liver and pancreas
- Which medications can become risky during fasting
- Warning signs of hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis
- Who should not fast without medical supervision
- What is established, what is plausible, what remains open
Why fasting is interesting in type 2 diabetes at all
Imagine your metabolism as a warehouse that has received deliveries every single day for years. Morning, noon, evening and in between. The shelves are full. The liver is full. And the signal to stock new goods is called insulin.
In insulin resistance, cells respond less and less to this signal. The pancreas answers by releasing more insulin. For years it can compensate. At some point that is no longer enough, and blood glucose rises. Put simply, that is the path into type 2 diabetes.
Fasting targets exactly this point. When nothing comes in for a longer period, insulin levels fall. The liver empties its glucose store. The body begins to draw on fat reserves. For the first time in a long while, the warehouse is being cleared out again.
A team at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center led by Sutton and Peterson had men with prediabetes eat within an early six-hour window for five weeks, with dinner before 3 p.m., and within a twelve-hour window for another five weeks. Food intake was set so that body weight remained stable. With the early window, insulin sensitivity, beta-cell responsiveness, blood pressure and oxidative stress improved.
What this means for you: part of the effect might come from the timing pattern, not just from weight loss. However, the study was small, included only men and did not involve people with established diabetes.
Sutton EF et al. Cell Metab. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010Seen through the lens of KPNI (Clinical Psychoneuroimmunology), this touches several systems at once. In metabolism, it is about fat that has accumulated in the liver and pancreas, where it can disrupt signaling pathways. In the hormonal system, the balance between insulin and its counterpart glucagon shifts. The immune system is involved because abdominal fat releases messengers that can sustain a quiet, chronic inflammation and dampen the effect of insulin. And the nervous system responds to fasting with stress hormones that can also raise blood glucose in the short term. These connections are physiologically well founded, but their exact share in the success of fasting in humans has not yet been fully clarified.
Many people experience type 2 diabetes as a one-way street: diagnosis, a tablet, later more tablets, eventually insulin. Research in recent years paints a different picture. For some people, the course can change considerably when metabolism is relieved.
That is not a promise for you personally. But it changes the question. And now you know why fasting is taken seriously in diabetes research.
What does remission mean, and what does it not mean?
Maybe you have come across the promise online that diabetes can simply be undone. I understand why that sounds so tempting. The medical community deliberately uses a more cautious word: remission.
An international expert group led by Riddle was convened by the American Diabetes Association to clarify terms and criteria. It proposed using the term remission when HbA1c is below 6.5 percent at least three months after stopping all glucose-lowering medications. The group stressed that the long-term benefits and risks are not yet well understood and recommended active ongoing follow-up.
What this means for you: remission is a state that needs looking after, not a finish line. The tendency toward elevated blood glucose may remain.
Riddle MC et al. Diabetes Care. 2021. DOI: 10.2337/dci21-0034This matters to me because it makes a big difference. Symptom control means: glucose is kept in the target range with medication. That is sensible and protects blood vessels, kidneys and eyes. A functional perspective additionally asks: can the cause, meaning the overload of the metabolism, ease to the point where less medication is needed? The two are not mutually exclusive. They complement each other.
Remission is not a label you receive once and then keep. It is more of a balance that you build together with your physician and that is checked regularly.
And now you know why reputable sources do not speak of a definitive end to diabetes, but of remission.
What the studies on remission show
Now to the data. I will tell you about them as they are, with everything they show and everything they don't.
The DiRECT trial led by Lean and Taylor ran in 49 primary care practices in Scotland and the north of England. People who had had type 2 diabetes for no more than six years and were not on insulin received a formula diet of about 825 to 853 kilocalories per day for three to five months, followed by a stepwise return to normal food. Diabetes and blood pressure medications were stopped under medical supervision. After twelve months, 46 percent of the intervention group were in remission, compared with 4 percent in the control group.
What this means for you: substantial, supervised energy restriction can make a big difference when diabetes has been present for a shorter time. However, this was not classic intermittent fasting but a strictly structured program.
Lean MEJ et al. Lancet. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1Remission at 12 months by weight loss (DiRECT)
Data from the abstract of Lean et al. 2018, entire study population. The association is an observation within the study, not a prediction for any individual.
The same research group looked at how durable this effect is. After two years, 36 percent of the intervention group were still in remission, compared with 3 percent in the control group. The authors describe sustained remission as closely linked to sustained weight loss.
What this means for you: getting started is one thing. Maintaining it is at least as important and deserves just as much support.
Lean MEJ et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30068-3A group led by Yang in Changsha was the first to specifically study intermittent calorie restriction with remission as the goal. Participants with type 2 diabetes who were taking tablets and in some cases insulin were randomly assigned to an intermittent nutrition therapy or a control group. After three months of intervention and three months of follow-up, 47.2 percent of the fasting group were in remission, compared with 2.8 percent in the control group. After twelve months, the figure was still 44.4 percent.
What this means for you: an intermittent approach can also contribute to remission. However, the study was small, ran at a single site and used a specific nutrition program that cannot simply be transferred.
Yang X et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac661remission at 12 months in the DiRECT intervention group, versus 4 % in the control group
were still in remission in DiRECT after 24 months
remission with intermittent calorie restriction in the Chinese trial after 6 months
Is intermittent fasting better than regular calorie cutting?
An honest question, and the answer is unspectacular.
At the University of South Australia, Carter, Clifton and Keogh compared two strategies over one year in 137 people with type 2 diabetes: 500 to 600 kilocalories on two days per week, or a moderate reduction every day. HbA1c fell to a similar extent in both groups, by 0.3 and 0.5 percentage points. Medications with a risk of hypoglycemia were reduced at the start according to a fixed protocol.
What this means for you: fasting is a format that some people find easier. According to these data, however, it is not a superior principle.
Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. JAMA Netw Open. 2018. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0756A large trial led by Liu in Guangzhou divided 139 people with obesity into two groups. Both cut calories, and one group additionally ate only between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. After twelve months, the eating window showed no significant advantage for weight, body fat or metabolic markers.
What this means for you: the time window alone is not a magic trick. What seems to matter most is the overall relief on the system. The trial, however, was not conducted specifically in people with diabetes.
Liu D et al. N Engl J Med. 2022. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2114833When support makes the difference
In my practice, I see that people with type 2 diabetes who follow a closely supervised change in diet, which can include structured breaks from eating, sometimes need less medication, always coordinated with their treating diabetes specialist. What strikes me is that the moment that changes the most is rarely the first week. It is the feeling of having influence again.
But I also see people for whom this does not work, even though they are very disciplined. Duration of diabetes, genes, stress, sleep and many other factors play a role.
I am describing an observation here, not a study. I cannot claim causality, I only see associations in time. Every change in medication was medically planned and monitored. Nothing can be inferred from this observation for your individual case.
The most exciting message of these studies is not the percentage. It is the insight that, in some people, type 2 diabetes is not a fixed fate but can respond to relief.
And that is exactly why it is worth making the path there safe enough that it does not become a danger along the way. And now you know why remission has become a goal worth taking seriously.
The twin cycle idea: what might happen in the liver and pancreas
Why does remission work for some people and not for others? The British diabetes researcher Roy Taylor developed a hypothesis on this, often referred to as the twin cycle hypothesis. Imagine it as two gears that drive each other.
Fat in the liver
A sustained energy surplus can lead to fat being stored in the liver. The liver then responds less well to insulin and releases more glucose into the blood.
Fat reaches the pancreas
The liver exports excess fat into the blood. Some of it might be deposited in the pancreas, where it can burden the insulin-producing beta cells.
Beta cells scale back production
Under this burden, the rapid first-phase insulin response after a meal declines in particular. Blood glucose keeps rising, and the cycle closes.
Relief can slow the cycle
When energy intake drops substantially, liver fat can decrease quickly. Whether the beta cells recover seems to depend on how long they have been under pressure.
In a subgroup of the DiRECT trial, Taylor and colleagues used magnetic resonance imaging to measure what happened in the body. In the intervention group, liver fat fell after weight loss from an average of 16.0 to 3.1 percent, and pancreatic fat also decreased. Those who achieved remission showed a recovery of the early insulin response and had, on average, a shorter duration of diabetes, 2.7 versus 3.8 years.
What this means for you: beta cells appear to still be able to recover after diagnosis, but this ability is probably time dependent. The earlier, the greater the chance might be.
Taylor R et al. Cell Metab. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.07.003Fasting is not a switch that turns diabetes off. It is more like a breather for organs that have been working at full load for years.
And now you know why the same form of fasting can turn out very differently for two people with the same diagnosis.
The flip side: why fasting can become dangerous on medication
Now comes the part I consider the most important. Imagine you are driving a car with a braking assistant that brakes automatically, no matter what is happening in front of you. As long as traffic is flowing, that works. When the road is suddenly empty, in other words when you are fasting, it keeps braking anyway. That is exactly how some diabetes medications behave.
Insulin and sulfonylureas
They lower blood glucose regardless of whether you have eaten. During fasting, they can therefore trigger hypoglycemia. The same applies to the related glinides. Without prior medical adjustment, fasting is not safe here.
SGLT2 inhibitors
Drugs such as empagliflozin or dapagliflozin make the kidneys excrete glucose. With them, ketoacidosis can occur in which blood glucose is barely elevated. Fasting and dehydration might increase this risk.
Blood pressure and diuretics
People who fast often drink less and lose salt and water. On diuretics or certain blood pressure medications, this can place an additional strain on circulation and kidneys.
Metformin and GLP-1 analogues
Used alone, they are considered relatively low risk for hypoglycemia. Nevertheless, there are questions about tolerability, nausea, timing of intake and fluid intake. Here too: discuss it beforehand.
A team led by Corley in Wellington, New Zealand, studied people with type 2 diabetes taking metformin or other glucose-lowering medications. On two days per week, they ate only about 2,100 to 2,500 kilojoules, roughly 500 to 600 kilocalories. Even though medications had been reduced beforehand, fasting approximately doubled the rate of hypoglycemia, with a relative risk of 2.05.
What this means for you: even under study conditions, with education and dose adjustment, hypoglycemia occurred more often. With education and medication reduction, however, fewer events occurred than the researchers had expected. So support makes a difference.
Corley BT et al. Diabet Med. 2018. DOI: 10.1111/dme.13595In the Australian trial by Carter, Clifton and Keogh as well, low and high blood glucose episodes occurred in the first two weeks, in 35 percent of participants using sulfonylureas or insulin. And that was despite the medications having been reduced according to protocol.
In 2015, Peters and colleagues described in Diabetes Care 13 episodes of ketoacidosis or ketosis in nine people taking SGLT2 inhibitors, seven of them with type 1 diabetes and two with type 2 diabetes. The insidious part: blood glucose was not markedly elevated, which delayed recognition of the emergency. The authors recommend measuring ketones immediately in case of nausea, vomiting or a general feeling of being unwell while on these medications.
What this means for you: on SGLT2 inhibitors, a normal glucose reading can lull you into a false sense of security. With these medications, fasting belongs exclusively within medical planning.
Peters AL et al. Diabetes Care. 2015. DOI: 10.2337/dc15-0843Grajower and Horne compiled what is known about intermittent fasting with diabetes and examined the safety of each relevant medication class in the fasting state. Their finding has two sides: the evidence is very thin, consisting essentially of one randomized trial and a few case reports. At the same time, in their assessment, fasting can be made safe under medical supervision and with self-monitoring of blood glucose.
What this means for you: possible and safe are two different words. What connects them is support.
Grajower MM, Horne BD. Nutrients. 2019. DOI: 10.3390/nu11040873In a joint report led by Davies, the American and European diabetes associations reorganized the treatment of type 2 diabetes. They place more weight on weight management as part of holistic care. At the same time, they emphasize the protection for the heart and kidneys that SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 analogues can offer people at high risk.
What this means for you: some medications are not just glucose lowerers. Anyone who stops them on their own in order to fast might give up protection that goes beyond blood glucose.
Davies MJ et al. Diabetes Care. 2022. DOI: 10.2337/dci22-0034Many people experience checking in with their physician as a brake on their motivation. I see it the other way around. Adjusting the medication is what makes fasting with diabetes possible in the first place.
Without it, a good idea becomes a risk. With it, it becomes a tool. And now you know why medication is never a side issue when fasting.
Who should not fast without a physician
Fasting is a stimulus. Not every body currently has the reserves to process it safely. The international guidelines on fasting during Ramadan are one of the best points of orientation here, because they were written precisely for people with diabetes who want to fast.
The International Diabetes Federation and the Diabetes and Ramadan International Alliance comprehensively updated their recommendations in 2021, with an author group led by Hassanein. They specifically address fasting in type 1 diabetes, in older people and in pregnant women, the consequences for vascular complications and psychological well-being. One focus is education before the fasting period.
What this means for you: even where fasting is rooted in religion, with diabetes it is not left to chance but prepared individually.
Hassanein M et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109185- Insulin, sulfonylureas or glinides. High risk of hypoglycemia if the dose is not adjusted by a physician beforehand.
- SGLT2 inhibitors. Risk of ketoacidosis with barely elevated blood glucose. Fasting and dehydration might worsen the conditions for this.
- Type 1 diabetes or an unclear type of diabetes. There is a real risk of hypoglycemia and of derailment toward ketoacidosis. This article is explicitly aimed at type 2 diabetes.
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding. The body needs a continuous supply. Fasting concepts do not belong in this phase.
- History of an eating disorder or underweight. Rules around eating can trigger old patterns again.
- Frequent or barely noticeable hypoglycemia. If you perceive warning signs poorly, you have less of a safety buffer when fasting.
- Advanced kidney disease. Fluid balance, electrolytes and the excretion of medications change. This requires an individual assessment.
- Older age with frailty, heart failure, acute infection. Here the risks of circulatory problems, falls and muscle loss often outweigh the benefits.
Very important: medications are adjusted only by your treating physician. Never on your own, never based on a blog article, not even this one.
- Early signs: trembling, sweating, racing heart, intense hunger, pallor, restlessness.
- Signs in the brain: headache, visual disturbances, difficulty concentrating, irritability, confusion, unusual behavior.
- What to do then: measure immediately, stop fasting and take fast-acting sugar, such as glucose tablets or juice. Values below 70 mg/dl are generally considered hypoglycemia. Which thresholds apply to you is something you agree on with your physician in advance.
- Emergency: in case of impaired consciousness, a seizure or if you can no longer swallow, call 112 immediately (the emergency number in Germany and the EU). Family members should know this.
- Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain or an unusually strong feeling of being unwell.
- Noticeably deep or rapid breathing, severe fatigue, drowsiness.
- Important: blood glucose may be normal or only slightly elevated. With such signs, immediate medical evaluation including a ketone measurement is necessary.
And now you know why, on this topic, I would rather warn once too often than once too little.
What is established, what is plausible, what remains open
I don't just want to show you studies, but also how certain they are. Because on this topic, there is a big gap between "well established" and "sounds logical".
| Statement | Assessment |
|---|---|
| Substantial, supervised energy restriction can contribute to remission | Established by randomized trials such as DiRECT, especially with shorter diabetes duration and significant weight loss. |
| On glucose-lowering medications, fasting increases the risk of hypoglycemia | Established by a randomized trial, even despite prior dose reduction. |
| Intermittent fasting is equivalent to daily calorie restriction | Established for HbA1c over twelve months in a randomized trial. Superiority has not been shown. |
| An early eating window might have effects beyond weight loss | Plausible, supported by a small study in prediabetes. Not yet sufficiently studied in type 2 diabetes. |
| Reducing liver and pancreatic fat enables beta-cell recovery | Plausible and mechanistically well founded, with measurement data in humans. Whether this applies equally to every form of fasting is open. |
| Fasting increases the risk of ketoacidosis on SGLT2 inhibitors | Plausible from physiology and case reports. Controlled studies on this are lacking. |
| Long-term benefit of remission for heart, kidneys and life expectancy | Open. The consensus report explicitly stresses that long-term benefits and risks are not yet well understood. |
Many fasting studies in diabetes are small and short, and they mix the effect of the time window with the effect of weight loss. Remission data come mainly from structured programs with close support, not from self-chosen intermittent fasting.
My position, clearly labeled as a position: I consider supervised fasting a building block worth taking seriously in type 2 diabetes, especially in the first years after diagnosis. I do not consider it a replacement for good diabetes care, but a complement to it.
Three levers if you are thinking about fasting
You have now seen both sides: the opportunity and the risk. Here are three directions, not recipes. The concrete planning belongs in a personal conversation.
Take a medication inventory before you fast
Write down what you take, at what dose and at what time. Mark everything that contains insulin, sulfonylureas, glinides or SGLT2 inhibitors. Take this list to your physician and ask very concretely: what needs to change if I start taking breaks from eating?
Start gently and with monitoring
A moderate, rather early eating window is a different entry point than fasting for several days. In the early phase, close monitoring, ideally with a glucose sensor, can help you recognize patterns before they become dangerous. Decide beforehand at which values you will stop, and always have fast-acting sugar with you.
Think about muscle, protein and movement
Muscle is the largest consumer of glucose in your body. Enough protein during eating phases, strength training and a walk after meals can complement the fasting stimulus in a meaningful way. You can find more on this in the article Exercise and blood glucose after meals.
Fasting with type 2 diabetes is neither a miracle remedy nor a taboo. It is a powerful stimulus that can contribute to more freedom from medication when it is well planned and supported.
This freedom is what matters to me. Not a perfect lab value, but the feeling of being able to help shape your metabolism again. Safely, step by step, and not alone.
If you would like to plan your approach together rather than just read about it: below this article you will find the option to book an appointment.
More from the Fasting Guide
Keep reading in the guide
Where this topic connects
Fasting with diabetes touches on exercise, glucose monitoring and the early stages of insulin resistance. These articles explore the neighboring layers in more depth.
Fasting and blood glucose
Why fasting insulin often tips earlier than fasting glucose.
FastingA walk after meals
How working muscles can take up glucose even without insulin.
ExerciseWhat a CGM sensor shows
Why a glucose sensor can be a valuable mirror during supervised fasting.
MetabolismExercise as medicine
What muscle work may change in glucose metabolism at the cellular level.
ExerciseFrequently asked questions
Can I do intermittent fasting with type 2 diabetes?
Which diabetes medications are especially risky during fasting?
Can fasting contribute to remission of type 2 diabetes?
What exactly does remission mean in type 2 diabetes?
How do I recognize hypoglycemia while fasting?
Why is fasting with SGLT2 inhibitors particularly tricky?
Is intermittent fasting better than regular calorie restriction for diabetes?
Can I reduce my diabetes medications myself before fasting?
Who with diabetes should not fast at all, or only under close supervision?
Sources
All sources were checked via PubMed against title, authors, year, journal and DOI. Figures are taken directly from the respective abstracts. The study type is given in square brackets. For context: data on fasting with type 2 diabetes are limited. The strongest remission data come from structured programs with formula diets and close support, while studies on intermittent fasting are mostly small and short. Statements on the risk of ketoacidosis on SGLT2 inhibitors in connection with fasting are based on case reports and physiological considerations, not on controlled studies.
- Lean MEJ, Leslie WS, Barnes AC et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10120):541-551. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1 · PMID 29221645 [RCT, cluster-randomized, n=306, 12 months]
- Lean MEJ, Leslie WS, Barnes AC et al. Durability of a primary care-led weight-management intervention for remission of type 2 diabetes: 2-year results of the DiRECT open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(5):344-355. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30068-3 · PMID 30852132 [RCT, cluster-randomized, 24-month analysis]
- Taylor R, Al-Mrabeh A, Zhyzhneuskaya S et al. Remission of Human Type 2 Diabetes Requires Decrease in Liver and Pancreas Fat Content but Is Dependent upon Capacity for β Cell Recovery. Cell Metab. 2018;28(4):547-556.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.07.003 · PMID 30078554 [RCT substudy, mechanism in humans, n=90]
- Yang X, Zhou J, Shao H et al. Effect of an Intermittent Calorie-restricted Diet on Type 2 Diabetes Remission: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(6):1415-1424. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac661 · PMID 36515429 [RCT, n=72, 3 months of intervention plus follow-up]
- Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Effect of Intermittent Compared With Continuous Energy Restricted Diet on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(3):e180756. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0756 · PMID 30646030 [RCT, equivalence trial, n=137, 12 months]
- Corley BT, Carroll RW, Hall RM, Weatherall M, Parry-Strong A, Krebs JD. Intermittent fasting in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: a randomized controlled trial. Diabet Med. 2018;35(5):588-594. DOI: 10.1111/dme.13595 · PMID 29405359 [RCT, n=41, 12 weeks]
- Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes. Cell Metab. 2018;27(6):1212-1221.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010 · PMID 29754952 [RCT, controlled feeding study, crossover, men with prediabetes]
- Liu D, Huang Y, Huang C et al. Calorie Restriction with or without Time-Restricted Eating in Weight Loss. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(16):1495-1504. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2114833 · PMID 35443107 [RCT, n=139, 12 months, obesity]
- Grajower MM, Horne BD. Clinical Management of Intermittent Fasting in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):873. DOI: 10.3390/nu11040873 · PMID 31003482 [Review, safety and medication]
- Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, Cohan P, Diner JC, Hirsch IB. Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Potential Complication of Treatment With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(9):1687-1693. DOI: 10.2337/dc15-0843 · PMID 26078479 [Case series, n=9, 13 episodes]
- Riddle MC, Cefalu WT, Evans PH et al. Consensus Report: Definition and Interpretation of Remission in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(10):2438-2444. DOI: 10.2337/dci21-0034 · PMID 34462270 [Review, international consensus report]
- Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022;45(11):2753-2786. DOI: 10.2337/dci22-0034 · PMID 36148880 [Review, ADA and EASD consensus report]
- Hassanein M, Afandi B, Yakoob Ahmedani M et al. Diabetes and Ramadan: Practical guidelines 2021. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;185:109185. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109185 · PMID 35016991 [Review, IDF and DAR practical guideline]
This article is for information only and does not replace medical advice. It describes connections from research and clinical experience, not individual treatment instructions. If you take diabetes medications, especially insulin, sulfonylureas or SGLT2 inhibitors, are pregnant, have kidney disease or a history of an eating disorder, please discuss any form of fasting with a physician in person beforehand. Never change medications on your own.