Estrogen Dominance: Symptoms and How to Address Them Naturally
Estrogen dominance sounds like an excess of estrogen. Yet something else is often behind it: a relative deficit of progesterone in the second half of the cycle. Here you will find the symptom check, the right test timing and the natural levers.
Estrogen dominance is one of the most searched hormone topics. And one of the most misunderstood. Many women read the term and think: my estrogen is too high. Often that is simply not true. Usually the estrogen is not too high, but the progesterone is too low. That sounds like a small difference. But it changes everything about what you can do.
You might know this feeling. The first half of the cycle runs smoothly. You feel clear, awake, yourself. Then ovulation comes, and from there something tips over. The breasts feel tender. The belly swells. Your mood turns thin-skinned. Sleep becomes shallow. And just before the period you barely recognise the person you have become. Then the bleed arrives, and it gets better. Until next time.
You might have already been to a doctor. Perhaps estrogen was measured, and the value was fine. Still, something is not fine. In this article we look at what really lies behind the term estrogen dominance. We clarify the symptoms, the right time for a test, and the natural levers via the nervous system, the liver, the gut and blood sugar. This article is a spoke in the hormone cluster. The big overview is in the pillar on hormonal imbalance in women.
What Estrogen Dominance Really Means
Picture estrogen and progesterone like two dancers. Estrogen leads in the first half of the cycle. It builds up, stimulates, lets the uterine lining grow and sharpens your drive. After ovulation, progesterone takes over the steady hand. It stabilises, calms and prepares everything for a possible pregnancy. A good dance needs both in balance.
Estrogen dominance means this dance gets out of step. Estrogen carries relatively too much weight compared to progesterone. The word relatively matters. Because often there is not too much estrogen at all. More often there is too little progesterone, so the balance tips in favour of estrogen. This is exactly why a single estrogen value says so little. It is about the ratio, not about a single number.
Where does the too little progesterone come from? Progesterone is mainly produced after ovulation, in the so-called corpus luteum. If no ovulation takes place, no corpus luteum forms, and the progesterone of the second half of the cycle is missing. Such cycles without ovulation are more common than many think, especially under stress, in perimenopause or in women who train a lot.
Even a regular bleed does not prove ovulation
Observational study, n=27 Paula Recacha-Ponce and colleagues studied 27 physically active women with regular cycles in 2025 in Reproduction and Fertility. They measured the sex hormones at three time points and checked whether progesterone in the mid-luteal phase reached the threshold for a true ovulation. The result: 26 percent of the women did not reach this value, meaning they had cycles without ovulation or with a weak corpus luteum phase. This shows strikingly that a regular bleed does not prove ovulation and a relative progesterone deficit often goes unnoticed.
Recacha-Ponce P, Suárez-Alcázar P, Hernando C, et al. Reprod Fertil. 2025;6(2):e240119. doi:10.1530/RAF-24-0119 · PMID: 40232947
Estrogen dominance is usually not an excess, but a shortfall on the other side. Once you understand this, your view changes. It is not about fighting estrogen. It is about helping your body produce enough progesterone again and break down surplus estrogen cleanly. This opens up more entry points than turning only one hormonal screw.
And now you know why the sentence "my estrogen is normal" and the feeling "something is not right with me" do not have to be a contradiction.
The Symptoms: How to Recognise Estrogen Dominance
The complaints of estrogen dominance have a typical pattern. They cluster in the second half of the cycle, that is between ovulation and the bleed. Exactly when progesterone should be calming things and does not do so sufficiently. Picture the accelerator staying pressed while the steady hand on the wheel is missing.
On the physical side, many women report breast tenderness, water retention, a bloated belly, headaches before the period and heavy or prolonged bleeding. On the emotional side, irritability, inner restlessness, low mood and sleep problems come in. Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is the best-known form of this pattern.
Why the mood in particular suffers has to do with the breakdown product of progesterone. It is called allopregnanolone and acts on the calming GABA system in the brain, that is the body's own brake for tension. In sensitive women, this otherwise calming substance can do the opposite in the second half of the cycle.
Why the progesterone breakdown tips the mood in some women
Review Torbjörn Bäckström and colleagues summarised decades of research in 2013 in Progress in Neurobiology. Their central observation: in women with premenstrual complaints, the strength of the negative mood relates to the allopregnanolone level in an inverted U-curve. Precisely at the body's own values of the second half of the cycle the burden is greatest, while very low and very high values cause fewer symptoms. This explains the apparent paradox that a calming substance can trigger tension.
Bäckström T, Bixo M, Johansson M, et al. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;113:88-94. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.005 · PMID: 23978486
Sleep and the autonomic nervous system also change in the second half of the cycle. A study by Massimiliano de Zambotti and colleagues in 2013 in Psychoneuroendocrinology showed in 26 women that the heart rate during sleep was higher in the luteal phase and the calming activity of the nervous system decreased, most strongly in women with severe PMS (doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.005, PMID: 23850226). This explains why sleep can become shallower and inner tension greater in exactly this phase.
- Breast tenderness and sensitive breasts before the period
- Water retention and a bloated belly
- Irritability, inner restlessness and low mood
- Sleep problems in the days before the bleed
- Headaches or migraine before the period
- Heavy, prolonged or painful bleeding
- Cravings and fatigue premenstrually
"A single hormone test proves my estrogen dominance." It does not. First, estrogen fluctuates enormously across the cycle, so a value without a cycle phase is hard to interpret. Second, it is about the ratio to progesterone, not an absolute number. And third, the symptoms named are non-specific, they can also come from the thyroid, iron deficiency or stress. Estrogen dominance is a way of thinking that supports understanding, not a label that a single lab result delivers.
And now you know why it is wiser to look at the pattern across the cycle than at a single number.
The Test: Why Timing Decides How Meaningful It Is
When hormones are tested, the timing is often more important than the value itself. This is especially true for progesterone. It only rises after ovulation and reaches its peak around the middle of the second half of the cycle. If you measure too early or too late, you see a low value that says nothing about the actual corpus luteum performance.
The most meaningful moment is the mid-luteal phase, that is about one week after the presumed ovulation. In a typical 28-day cycle this falls around day 21. In longer or shorter cycles this day shifts accordingly, because ovulation sets the beat, not the calendar. A urine ovulation test can help to pin down ovulation and place the blood draw at the matching time.
How to hit the right measurement time reliably
Cross-sectional study, n=54 Mia Schaumberg and colleagues tested a three-step procedure in 54 women in 2016 in the Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport: cycle calendar, urine ovulation test and blood draw six to twelve days after a positive ovulation test. This allowed the mid-luteal phase to be confirmed reliably. Notably: 30 percent of the naturally cycling women showed a weak corpus luteum phase with progesterone that was too low. This underlines how important the right time and control of ovulation are for sensible hormone diagnostics.
Schaumberg MA, Jenkins DG, Janse de Jonge XAK, et al. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;20(11):965-969. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.013 · PMID: 28684053
A single estrogen value therefore says little. It makes more sense to look at progesterone and estradiol at the right phase and in relation to each other. And because the complaints are non-specific, thyroid values, ferritin as the iron store and blood sugar belong in the picture. A larger systematic review by Bernadette Taim and colleagues in 2023 in Sports Medicine recommends exactly this combination of calendar, ovulation test and a progesterone measurement in the mid-luteal phase for a clean assessment of cycle function (doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01871-8, PMID: 37389782).
Which test makes sense in the individual case and how it fits your cycle we go into in the spoke Testing hormones: which test, when. And now you know why "the values are normal" is worthless if the measurement was not taken at the right cycle phase.
The Four PNI Lenses on Estrogen Dominance
In clinical psychoneuroimmunology, or PNI for short, we do not look only at the ovaries. We look at four interwoven levels that together explain why the balance between estrogen and progesterone tips. Each lens explains a part at the cellular level. Together they create the picture.
Nervous System and Stress
The stress system and the ovaries share the overarching control centre in the brain. Sustained stress keeps cortisol high and can dampen the signals that trigger ovulation via the hypothalamus. If ovulation is absent or weak, the progesterone of the second half of the cycle falls. This way chronic tension can shift the ratio in favour of estrogen, entirely without an excess of estrogen.
Immune System and Gut
The gut is part of the estrogen metabolism. Certain gut bacteria produce the enzyme beta-glucuronidase, which can reactivate estrogen that has already been tagged for breakdown. A disturbed gut flora and silent inflammation can shift this balance, so that more estrogen returns to the circulation. Researchers call the totality of these bacteria the estrobolome.
Metabolism and Blood Sugar
Insulin is itself a hormone. If blood sugar swings strongly or insulin resistance develops, this reaches deep into the sex hormone balance. Elevated insulin can influence the ovaries and lower the binding globulin in the liver, so that more free hormones act. Stable blood sugar across the day can therefore relieve the whole system.
Hormone System and Liver
This is where the threads come together. The liver converts estrogen in several steps and makes it ready for excretion. If this breakdown runs slowly, more estrogen can stay in circulation. The thyroid also plays along, because estrogen is closely linked to it via binding proteins. Whoever wants to understand the ratio must think of these organs as one networked whole.
These four lenses are not a theoretical model. They are the reason why sleep, nutrition, stress regulation and gut health often do more on the topic of estrogen dominance than expected. And now you know why a good consultation asks for more than just your cycle.
Stress: The Underestimated Driver of the Relative Progesterone Deficit
Do you know the feeling that your PMS gets worse in stressful months? That the breasts feel more tender, the mood falls deeper, the sleep gets worse? That is not your imagination. The stress system and the hormone system are biochemically closely intertwined.
Under sustained strain, the HPA axis runs at full tilt, that is the axis of hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal gland that releases cortisol. This sustained activation can dampen the overarching control of the ovaries. Ovulation shifts or is absent, and with it the progesterone falls. Exactly then the ratio shifts towards estrogen. Interestingly, the stress system in turn also changes across the cycle.
The cortisol awakening response shifts across the cycle
Comparative study, n=29 Maren Wolfram and colleagues measured the cortisol awakening response in 29 healthy, naturally cycling women across four cycle phases in 2011 in Psychoneuroendocrinology. The result: the morning cortisol rise was most strongly pronounced around ovulation. The authors attribute this to the elevated sex hormones in this phase. This shows that the stress system and the cycle are not separate systems, but set each other's beat.
Wolfram M, Bellingrath S, Kudielka BM. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36(6):905-912. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.006 · PMID: 21237574
This does not mean that stress explains every hormone disturbance. But it is a real player. That is why regulating the nervous system is not a wellness add-on, but a genuine lever on the topic of estrogen dominance. We go deeper in the spoke Cortisol, stress and female hormones. And now you know why the ratio of estrogen to progesterone often shifts in demanding phases of life.
Liver and Gut: How Your Body Gets Rid of Estrogen Again
Estrogen is not only produced. It also has to be broken down and excreted again. Picture the liver like a treatment plant. It converts estrogen in several steps and attaches chemical tags to it so that it can leave the body via bile and gut. If this treatment plant runs slowly, more estrogen can stay in circulation.
But the story does not end there. In the gut, a second station comes in. Certain gut bacteria produce the enzyme beta-glucuronidase. This enzyme can detach the tag from the estrogen and reactivate the hormone, so that it gets back into the circulation. Researchers summarise the totality of these bacteria under the term estrobolome.
How the gut co-regulates the estrogen level
Review James Baker and colleagues described in 2017 in Maturitas how the gut microbiome co-regulates the circulating estrogens via the enzyme beta-glucuronidase. With a disturbed gut flora of lower diversity, this activity changes, which can shift the estrogen balance. A complementary review by Shiwan Hu and colleagues in 2023 in Gut Microbes deepens this, that the balance of gut bacteria and estrogen metabolism works in both directions and, when disturbed, could contribute to estrogen-related complaints.
Baker JM, Al-Nakkash L, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Maturitas. 2017;103:45-53. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.06.025 · PMID: 28778332 · Hu S et al. Gut Microbes. 2023;15(1):2236749. doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2236749 · PMID: 37559394
This is where the topic of cruciferous vegetables often comes up. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cabbage contain glucobrassicin, from which indole-3-carbinol and its follow-up product DIM form. These substances can influence the estrogen breakdown in the liver via certain enzyme pathways. The honest framing of this data matters.
Broccoli substances and the estrogen breakdown
Mechanism Review David Williams summarised the research on indole-3-carbinol and DIM from cruciferous vegetables in 2021 in Frontiers in Nutrition. These substances can shift the estrogen breakdown that runs via certain liver enzymes. The majority of the evidence comes from cell and animal models, mostly in the context of cancer prevention. The author stresses that the amounts achievable through food are much lower than in supplement studies. A vegetable-rich diet is therefore sensible, but not a targeted medicine. In humans, not everything here is conclusively proven yet.
Williams DE. Front Nutr. 2021;8:734334. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.734334 · PMID: 34660663
How you can support the liver specifically in the estrogen breakdown we go into in the spoke Lowering estrogen naturally via the liver. And now you know why a fibre-rich, vegetable-rich diet and a healthy gut have more to do with your hormone balance than you perhaps thought.
What to Do About Estrogen Dominance: Three Levers That Support the System
Before turning individual hormonal screws, it is worth looking at the basics. They do not work spectacularly, but they support the whole networked system. These three levers are a direction, not a treatment plan. The individual path is best found with medical guidance.
Protect ovulation via your nervous system
Because progesterone is only produced after ovulation, a stable ovulation is the key. A firm sleep rhythm, real recovery windows and calm breathing lower the sustained activation of the stress system. This can benefit the control of the ovaries. Less chronic stress can therefore indirectly mean more progesterone. This is not a wellness tip, but acts on the axis that co-steers your cycle.
Support liver and gut via your plate
A fibre-rich, vegetable-rich diet with plenty of cruciferous vegetables and enough protein supports both the estrogen breakdown in the liver and a healthy gut environment. Fibre binds broken-down estrogen in the gut and can promote its excretion. Stable blood sugar across the day relieves things additionally. You do not have to eat perfectly. Even stable rather than roller-coaster meals help the whole system.
Have the whole system assessed, not just one hormone
If the complaints persist, an assessment belongs to it that looks at the right cycle phase, the thyroid, iron and blood sugar, not just at a single estrogen value. This way treatable causes can be found, for example fibroids, a thyroid disorder or an iron deficiency, rather than attributing symptoms prematurely to one hormone. A good assessment takes your complaints seriously.
For plant-based options, chasteberry has the best evidence for premenstrual complaints. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Saskia Verkaik and colleagues in 2017 in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology found a large advantage over placebo, but urged caution because of high heterogeneity and risk of bias (doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.028, PMID: 28237870). A stricter meta-analysis by Dezső Csupor and colleagues in 2019 in Complementary Therapies in Medicine, which only included properly documented double-blind trials, also found an advantage (doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.024, PMID: 31780016). Chasteberry could therefore ease cycle-related complaints, but does not replace a medical assessment. Before taking it the use should be discussed with a doctor. More on this in the spoke Chasteberry and plant-based hormone helpers.
It is not against your estrogen, it is about your balance
Estrogen dominance is rarely an enemy that must be fought. It is usually a balance that has tipped, often because there is too little progesterone. When you protect ovulation, support the liver and the gut and calm your nervous system, you give your body the chance to find its balance again. Two good weeks in a month are not two. They are worth your whole life.
Frequently Asked Questions About Estrogen Dominance
What are the most common symptoms of estrogen dominance?
Typical signs cluster in the second half of the cycle, that is from ovulation until the bleed. They include breast tenderness, water retention, a bloated belly, irritability, low mood, sleep problems, headaches before the period, and heavy or prolonged bleeding. Many women describe feeling like themselves for two weeks, and then it tips over. Importantly, these complaints are non-specific and can have many causes, from the thyroid to iron deficiency to psychological strain. Estrogen dominance is a way of thinking about the ratio of estrogen to progesterone, not a single lab result. Persistent or new complaints therefore belong in a medical assessment.
Is estrogen dominance the same as too much estrogen?
Usually not. The term sounds like an excess of estrogen, yet a relative deficit of progesterone is often what lies behind it. What matters is not the absolute level of one hormone, but the ratio of the two opponents in the respective cycle phase. When too little progesterone is produced in the second half of the cycle, for example in cycles without ovulation or under chronic stress, estrogen carries relatively too much weight, even if its level sits within the normal range. Sometimes a slow estrogen breakdown in the liver or exposure to estrogen-like environmental substances adds to the picture. Estrogen dominance therefore describes a disturbed balance, not a single excess.
When should I get tested for estrogen dominance?
Timing decides how meaningful the result is. Progesterone can only be measured usefully in the second half of the cycle, ideally about one week after the presumed ovulation, in the so-called mid-luteal phase. In a typical 28-day cycle this falls around day 21, and in longer or shorter cycles the day shifts accordingly. A single estrogen value without reference to the cycle phase is hard to interpret, because estrogen fluctuates strongly across the cycle. It makes more sense to look at progesterone and estradiol in relation to each other and at the right phase, while keeping an eye on the thyroid, iron and blood sugar. That is why hormone diagnostics belong in medical hands.
What can I do about estrogen dominance naturally?
Rather than turning only one hormonal screw, it is worth looking at the levers that support the whole system. That includes calming the nervous system, because chronic stress can dampen ovulation and therefore progesterone production. That includes stable blood sugar across the day and enough sleep. That includes supporting the liver and the gut, because both are involved in breaking down and excreting estrogen, for example through a fibre-rich diet and plenty of vegetables. And it includes reducing exposure to estrogen-like environmental substances. These steps are a direction, not a treatment plan. The individual path is best found with medical guidance.
Why does stress make estrogen dominance worse?
The stress system and the ovaries share the overarching control centre in the brain. Under sustained strain the HPA axis runs at full tilt and keeps cortisol high. This can dampen the signals that trigger ovulation. If ovulation is absent or weak, less corpus luteum forms and therefore less progesterone in the second half of the cycle. Exactly then the ratio shifts in favour of estrogen. Studies also show that the stress hormone response changes across the cycle. Stress does not explain every hormone complaint, but it is a real player. That is why regulating the nervous system is not a side issue, but a genuine lever.
What role do the liver and gut play in estrogen dominance?
Estrogen is not only produced, it also has to be broken down and excreted again. The liver converts estrogen in several steps and makes it ready for excretion. If this breakdown runs slowly, more estrogen can stay in circulation. Then the gut comes into play. Certain gut bacteria produce the enzyme beta-glucuronidase, which can reactivate already-tagged estrogen and return it to the circulation. A disturbed gut flora can shift this balance. Researchers call the totality of these bacteria the estrobolome. This explains why a fibre-rich diet and a healthy gut can be part of a sensible strategy, even though the research here is still evolving.
Do cabbage vegetables and broccoli really help against estrogen dominance?
Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cabbage contain glucobrassicin, from which the body forms indole-3-carbinol and its follow-up product DIM. These substances can influence the breakdown of estrogen in the liver via certain enzyme pathways. The research on this comes mostly from laboratory and animal models as well as smaller studies, often in the context of cancer prevention. The honest framing matters: to reach relevant amounts through food, one would have to eat very large quantities of vegetables. A vegetable-rich diet is sensible for health and can be part of the picture. But it is not a targeted medicine against estrogen dominance and does not replace a medical assessment.
Can chasteberry help with estrogen dominance?
For chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus) there is comparatively the best plant-based evidence in premenstrual syndrome. A systematic review and meta-analysis found a large advantage over placebo, but urged caution because of high heterogeneity and risk of bias. A stricter meta-analysis that only included properly documented double-blind trials also found an advantage. Chasteberry could therefore ease cycle-related complaints. However, it is not a cure-all and does not replace a medical assessment. Before taking it the use should be discussed with a doctor, especially in hormone-dependent conditions, when trying to conceive, in pregnancy and breastfeeding, or when taking hormonal contraception or other medications at the same time.
Is estrogen dominance dangerous and when should I see a doctor?
Many cycle-related complaints are distressing, but not dangerous. Still, no online text replaces a medical assessment. You should seek urgent medical assessment for suddenly changed or very heavy bleeding, bleeding after menopause, spotting between periods, an absent period without pregnancy over several months, as well as severe premenstrual low mood with despair or hopelessness. Treatable causes can hide behind such complaints, for example fibroids, thyroid conditions, PCOS or iron deficiency. Good diagnostics look at the whole system and take your complaints seriously, rather than dismissing them as normal. If you have thoughts of not wanting to live anymore, please get help immediately.
All Topics in the "Hormone Guide" Cluster
This spoke belongs to the cluster on female hormones as a networked system. Here it continues in depth.
- Hormonal imbalance in women (overview/pillar)
- Estrogen dominance: recognising symptoms and addressing them naturally
- Xenoestrogens: hormone disruptors in everyday life
- Coming off the pill: what happens in the body
- Progesterone deficiency: symptoms and test
- PMS: symptoms and what can help
- PMDD: when PMS hits the psyche
- Perimenopause: symptoms and from when
- Menopause: symptoms and what can help
- PCO syndrome: causes and symptoms
- Hormonal acne from within
- Endometriosis: an integrative view
- Hormone-free contraception compared
- Loss of libido in women
- Testing hormones: which test, when
- Lowering estrogen naturally (liver)
- Cycle-based nutrition
- Thyroid and female hormones
- Insulin resistance and hormones
- Cortisol, stress and female hormones
- Chasteberry and plant-based hormone helpers
Connections to Other Topics
Why normal values are not always enough and how a borderline thyroid can co-influence cycle, mood and energy.
The honest framing of the stress hormone cortisol and the HPA axis, which is closely intertwined with the control of your ovaries.
Heavy bleeding in estrogen dominance can empty the iron store and worsen fatigue that looks like a pure hormone problem.
The gut co-influences via the estrobolome how much estrogen returns to the circulation instead of being excreted.
Sources and Further Reading
- Bäckström T, Bixo M, Johansson M, et al. Allopregnanolone and mood disorders. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;113:88-94. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.005 · PMID: 23978486 [Review]
- Recacha-Ponce P, Suárez-Alcázar P, Hernando C, et al. Hormonal balance, anovulatory cycles and luteal phase deficiency in athletes. Reprod Fertil. 2025;6(2):e240119. doi:10.1530/RAF-24-0119 · PMID: 40232947 [Cohort, n=27]
- Schaumberg MA, Jenkins DG, Janse de Jonge XAK, et al. Three-step method for menstrual and oral contraceptive cycle verification. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;20(11):965-969. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.013 · PMID: 28684053 [Cohort, n=54]
- Taim BC, Ó Catháin C, Renard M, et al. The Prevalence of Menstrual Cycle Disorders and Menstrual Cycle-Related Symptoms in Female Athletes: A Systematic Literature Review. Sports Med. 2023;53(10):1963-1984. doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01871-8 · PMID: 37389782 [Systematic Review]
- de Zambotti M, Nicholas CL, Colrain IM, et al. Autonomic regulation across phases of the menstrual cycle and sleep stages in women with premenstrual syndrome and healthy controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(11):2618-2627. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.005 · PMID: 23850226 [Case-Control, n=26]
- Wolfram M, Bellingrath S, Kudielka BM. The cortisol awakening response (CAR) across the female menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36(6):905-912. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.12.006 · PMID: 21237574 [Cohort, n=29]
- Michels KA, Wactawski-Wende J, Mills JL, et al. Folate, homocysteine and the ovarian cycle among healthy regularly menstruating women. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(8):1743-1750. doi:10.1093/humrep/dex233 · PMID: 28854586 [Cohort, n=259]
- Baker JM, Al-Nakkash L, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Estrogen-gut microbiome axis: Physiological and clinical implications. Maturitas. 2017;103:45-53. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.06.025 · PMID: 28778332 [Review]
- Hu S, Ding Q, Zhang W, et al. Gut microbial beta-glucuronidase: a vital regulator in female estrogen metabolism. Gut Microbes. 2023;15(1):2236749. doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2236749 · PMID: 37559394 [Review]
- Williams DE. Indoles Derived From Glucobrassicin: Cancer Chemoprevention by Indole-3-Carbinol and 3,3'-Diindolylmethane. Front Nutr. 2021;8:734334. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.734334 · PMID: 34660663 [Mechanism Review]
- Verkaik S, Kamperman AM, van Westrhenen R, Schulte PFJ. The treatment of premenstrual syndrome with preparations of Vitex agnus castus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(2):150-166. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.028 · PMID: 28237870 [Meta-analysis]
- Csupor D, Lantos T, Hegyi P, et al. Vitex agnus-castus in premenstrual syndrome: A meta-analysis of double-blind randomised controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2019;47:102190. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.024 · PMID: 31780016 [Meta-analysis]
- Di Lorenzo M, Cacciapuoti N, Lonardo MS, et al. Pathophysiology and Nutritional Approaches in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A Comprehensive Review. Curr Nutr Rep. 2023;12(3):527-544. doi:10.1007/s13668-023-00479-8 · PMID: 37213054 [Review]
- Hassan S, Thacharodi A, Priya A, et al. Endocrine disruptors: Unravelling the link between chemical exposure and Women's reproductive health. Environ Res. 2023;241:117385. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117385 · PMID: 37838203 [Review]