Coming Off the Pill: What Really Happens in Your Body (the Post-Pill Phase)
You come off the pill and suddenly something happens with your skin, hair, cycle and mood. Some of it is a genuine transition. Some of it is an old theme that was simply masked for years. This article shows you the timeline so you can tell the two apart.
Published on 3 June 2026 · last revised on 2 September 2026
Many women come off the pill and expect their body to feel like before within days. When the skin then acts up, the period stays away or the hair thins, the most common sentence is: "It will pass." Often that is true. Even so, it matters to me to look more closely at whether it really does pass, or whether something is showing here that had been there for longer. Part of it really is a temporary transition. Another part is an old theme that the pill was only masking. Telling those two apart is the whole key.
Perhaps you know this. For years everything was quiet. Clear skin, a predictable bleed, no thought about hormones. Then you come off the pill, because you want to have a child, because you no longer like the idea of a constant hormone supply, or simply because you want to know how your own body feels. And suddenly nothing is quiet. The skin breaks out, the period keeps you waiting, the mood swings.
This article accompanies you through the post-pill phase. We look at what the pill actually did in your body and why coming off it is a genuine transition. We go through the timeline, from the first week to a year. We work through the big themes of skin, hair and cycle. And we carefully separate what is really a post-pill reaction and what is actually a baseline complaint that was already there before. At the end there are levers that may support you during this time, and clear signs of when you should have things checked by a doctor.
Two practical points before we go into the timeline. First: contraceptive protection ends with the last tablet, not with your first own period. The first ovulation comes before the first bleed, so you will not necessarily notice it. If you do not want to become pregnant, you need other contraception from the day you stop. Second: the pill is a prescription-only medicine. Stopping it therefore belongs in a conversation, not just done on your own. Especially if you are not taking it only for contraception but because of endometriosis, very heavy bleeding, PCOS or marked PMS. In those cases you need a plan for the time afterwards, otherwise the original issue can come back unchecked. Please talk both points through with your gynaecologist beforehand.
What the pill did in your body and why coming off it is a transition
To understand what happens after stopping, it is worth looking at what was running before. The combined pill supplies oestrogen and a progestogen from the outside in a constant dose. This even supply sends a signal to the higher control in the brain, the axis of hypothalamus and pituitary. The signal effectively says: there is enough hormone here, you do not need to drive the ovaries. So ovulation is suppressed, and your own cycle pauses.
This means that your body's own hormone orchestra was largely shut down over the years of pill use. Not broken, but on standby. After stopping, this orchestra has to find its own beat again. The hypothalamus has to send the right signal again, the pituitary has to answer, the ovaries have to mature a follicle and trigger an ovulation. In many women this happens surprisingly quickly, in some it takes weeks to months.
Coming off the pill is not damage the body has to repair. It is more like the awakening of a system that has slept for a while. Just like a muscle that has to find its footing again after a long rest, the hormonal control sometimes needs a little time until it rediscovers its rhythm. This phase is not a defect. It is an adaptation.
An important player in this story is a protein called sex hormone-binding globulin, or SHBG. It is made in the liver and binds free sex hormones, especially testosterone. The oestrogen component of the pill prompts the liver to make more SHBG. As a result, less free, active testosterone circulates. And this is exactly one of the reasons why many women have calmer skin on the pill. What happens with this SHBG after stopping is something we look at more closely in a moment.
The timeline: what can happen when
One of the most common questions in my practice is: how long does all this take? An honest answer is that it is very individual. Still, there is a rough course that many women find helpful as orientation. See it as a map, not a timetable.
First days to two weeks
After the last pill, the externally supplied hormone dose falls away. There is a so-called withdrawal bleed, which is not yet a real period but a reaction to the hormone withdrawal. Some women feel water retention, breast tenderness or mood swings during this time, as the system processes the sudden loss.
First to third month
The axis of hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries takes up its work again. In many women the first own ovulation returns during this time, and after it the first real period. The ovulation therefore comes before the bleed, and a pregnancy is possible during this time. The cycle can be irregular at first, and light spotting is possible. Bleeding outside the period should still be looked at by a gynaecologist.
Third to sixth month
Now what is happening with the skin often shows. Because SHBG falls and the androgen effect rises again, sebum production can increase. Acne that was previously suppressed can appear in this window. Diffuse hair shedding, which is usually temporary, can also show here.
Sixth to twelfth month
In most women the cycle has settled by this point. Those who want to conceive have statistically good chances. If the cycle still stays away, or if skin, hair or mood remain a problem, this is the time to look specifically for a cause rather than keep waiting.
How quickly fertility returns is one of the best studied questions around coming off the pill. And the data are reassuring.
After stopping, most women conceive within a year
Meta-analysis, 14,884 women Tadele Girum and Abebaw Wasie evaluated 22 studies with a total of 14,884 women who had stopped a contraceptive, in Contraception and Reproductive Medicine in 2018. The pooled pregnancy rate was 83.1 percent within the first twelve months after stopping. This was independent of the type of contraceptive and independent of how long the pill had been taken. The authors conclude that a contraceptive does not meaningfully delay later conception. So there may be a short transitional phase. These data give no indication of lasting harm to fertility. Conversely, this also means that around one in six women was not pregnant after twelve months. It is a pooled rate from very different studies without a comparison group, and the confidence interval ran from 78.2 to 88 percent. A figure like this says nothing about the individual case. If it takes you longer than twelve months, and from the age of 35 already after six months, that should be assessed by a doctor.
Girum T, Wasie A. Contracept Reprod Med. 2018;3:9. doi:10.1186/s40834-018-0064-y · PMID: 30062044
A large prospective cohort study from Denmark supports this picture and adds an important nuance.
A short delay, but no lasting effect on fertility
Cohort, prospective Ellen Mikkelsen and colleagues followed 3,727 Danish women planning a pregnancy, in Human Reproduction in 2013. Compared with women who had last used barrier methods, former pill users showed a short-term delay in conception. Remarkably, a long duration of use did not worsen fertility; on the contrary, the chances of conception were rather higher with long-term use. The authors stress that women with long pill use can be reassured, because no adverse effect on fertility was found.
Mikkelsen EM, Riis AH, Wise LA, et al. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(5):1398-1405. doi:10.1093/humrep/det023 · PMID: 23427234
"If I have taken the pill for a long time, it will take forever for me to become fertile again afterwards." The data paint a different picture. The duration of use does not delay later conception. There may be a short transitional period of a few months in which the cycle re-sorts itself. But that is something different from lasting damage, and the available data give no indication of such damage. Even so, nothing certain follows from it for the individual case. If it takes longer than twelve months, and from the age of 35 already after six months, that should be assessed by a doctor.
Skin, SHBG and why acne can return
For many women the skin is the most noticeable theme after stopping. To understand why, we have to go back to SHBG. On the combined pill this binding protein is often strongly elevated. An older, small controlled study measured this.
On the pills studied, SHBG rose strongly, and the pill-free interval was not enough to balance it
RCT, longitudinal measurement, n=22 Christine Jung-Hoffmann and colleagues measured hormone values in 22 women over twelve treatment cycles on two combined pills that were common at the time, in Contraception in 1988. Sex hormone-binding globulin rose by 250 to 300 percent, while free testosterone fell by 40 to 60 percent. Particularly telling: during the seven-day pill break, pituitary and ovaries partly recovered, yet SHBG stayed elevated by around 100 percent above baseline. The figures come from a small group and from two particular preparations from 1988, so they cannot be transferred one to one to every pill in use today. What they can show: the effect on SHBG does not disappear within a few days.
Jung-Hoffmann C, Heidt F, Kuhl H. Contraception. 1988;38(6):593-603. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(88)90044-3 · PMID: 2975582
As long as SHBG is high, a lot of testosterone is bound and the skin stays calm. After stopping, SHBG usually falls again, free testosterone rises, and the sebaceous glands are stimulated more strongly again. In women with a predisposition to androgen-sensitive skin, this can bring back acne. How long SHBG needs for this is individual. A study in women with sexual complaints gives a clue.
In some women SHBG stays elevated even months after stopping
Comparative study, retrospective Claudia Panzer and colleagues compared SHBG in 124 women, in the Journal of Sexual Medicine in 2006: in pill users, in women who had stopped, and in women who had never taken the pill. On the pill, SHBG was about four times as high as in never-users. After stopping it fell, but in some women it was still elevated more than 120 days later. The authors stress that this is an observation and the possible long-term effect needs to be researched further. But it does suggest that the transition can take individually different amounts of time.
Panzer C, Wise S, Fantini G, et al. J Sex Med. 2006;3(1):104-113. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00198.x · PMID: 16409223
That sebum production is androgen-driven is well established. A dermatological review describes that externally supplied hormones such as the combined pill dampen sebum production, and that the sebaceous gland is one of the central players in the development of acne (Del Rosso 2023, Journal of Dermatological Treatment, doi:10.1080/09546634.2023.2296855, PMID: 38146664). A further review on acne management classifies combined pills as an effective option that can lower the androgen influence on the skin (Cooper 2017, Medical Journal of Australia, doi:10.5694/mja16.00516, PMID: 28076744). And now you know why acne after stopping is usually not a new problem, but an old one becoming visible again.
Hair, cycle and mood during the transition
Besides the skin, three further themes are typical of the post-pill phase: the hair shedding, the irregular cycle and the mood. Let us look at them one by one.
Temporary, diffuse hair shedding a few months after stopping is described. Dermatological reviews count oral contraceptives among the substances that can trigger a so-called telogen effluvium after stopping. In this, many hairs move into the resting and shedding phase at the same time, and a few weeks later they shed more strongly.
Telogen effluvium can also occur after stopping the pill
Review article Bianca Maria Piraccini and colleagues described drug-induced hair changes in Current Drug Safety in 2006. They note that telogen effluvium is commonly observed after stopping substances that prolong the growth phase of the hair, including expressly oral contraceptives. Such hair loss is usually completely reversible. The authors stress, however, that the link between a drug and hair loss has only really been proven for a few substances. Alongside, it is worth looking at iron, ferritin and the thyroid, because a deficiency can intensify the effect. If the shedding is heavy, lasts longer than six months or the crown area thins, it should be assessed, because something else can sit behind it.
Piraccini BM, Iorizzo M, Rech G, Tosti A. Curr Drug Saf. 2006;1(3):301-305. doi:10.2174/157488606777934477 · PMID: 18690941
For the cycle: an irregular rhythm in the first months is usually an expression of settling. The axis first has to reliably produce an ovulation again. But if the period stays away completely for more than three months, this is called secondary amenorrhea. The first step is always a pregnancy test, even if you are sure. After that it should be assessed. A thyroid disorder, PCOS, a raised prolactin level, in rare cases a benign tumour of the pituitary gland, very low body weight, a great deal of sport or a premature exhaustion of the ovaries can sit behind it. That sounds like a lot. The point is simple: a missing period is not a pill after-effect you sit out, it is a finding you make sense of.
Mood can change too. Here a look at one of the largest studies on hormonal contraception ever helps.
Hormonal contraception was associated with a slightly increased risk of depression
Cohort, n=1,061,997 Charlotte Wessel Skovlund and colleagues evaluated the data of over a million Danish women in JAMA Psychiatry in 2016. Women who used combined pills had a slightly increased risk of receiving an antidepressant for the first time or of getting a depression diagnosis, compared with non-users. Raised risks were seen not only for the combined pill but also for the progestogen-only pill, the patch, the ring and the hormonal coil. In adolescents the association was clearest. The key is a cautious reading: the study shows an association, not a necessary cause. But it makes it plausible why in some women the mood changes after stopping, in one direction or another.
Skovlund CW, Mørch LS, Kessing LV, Lidegaard Ø. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(11):1154-1162. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387 · PMID: 27680324
From the PNI perspective, mood is never just a hormone question. It also hangs on the nervous system, on blood sugar and on the nutrient stores. For some micronutrients, altered levels have been described on the pill, and an empty store can show during the transition. And now you know why good support of the post-pill phase keeps more in view than just the hormones.
Genuine post-pill reaction, or an old theme returning?
This is the most important section of this article. Because most of the confusion in the post-pill phase arises from a mix-up. Many women originally received the pill not only for contraception but because of complaints: heavy period pain, marked PMS, hormonal acne, an irregular cycle with PCOS. The pill masked these complaints for years.
When the pill then falls away, these themes reappear. They feel like a new post-pill problem, but they are really the old, never truly treated foundation. This distinction is not academic. It determines what makes sense: to wait or to look specifically for the cause.
Imagine the pill like a bucket placed over a leaking pipe. As long as the bucket is over it, you do not see the leak. Remove it, and it drips again. The dripping was not caused by the bucket. It was there the whole time, only hidden. In the post-pill phase it is therefore worth asking not only "What does stopping do?", but also "What was actually already there before?".
A good example is polycystic ovary syndrome. Many women with PCOS receive the pill early because it calms the cycle and skin. After stopping, irregular cycles, acne or increased body hair return, because the underlying theme, often an insulin resistance, was never addressed. This is not a post-pill reaction in the narrower sense, but a PCOS becoming visible again. You can find more on this in the dedicated article on PCO syndrome.
This is how to distinguish roughly:
- More likely a genuine transition: complaints that begin in the first weeks to months and ease over time. Light spotting, an initially irregular cycle, temporary diffuse hair shedding. Any bleeding outside the period should still be looked at by a gynaecologist.
- More likely an old theme: complaints you already knew before the pill, or that do not ease after a few months but stay or increase. Heavy period pain, marked PMS, stubborn acne, a missing period.
And now you know why "that is just post-pill syndrome, it will pass" sometimes falls short. Sometimes it does pass. Sometimes it is a sign to look more closely.
Three levers that may support you in the post-pill phase
Before adjusting individual hormones, it is worth looking at the basics. They do not work spectacularly, but they support the whole connected system during the transition. These three levers are a start, not a treatment plan. You find your individual path with medical support.
Stabilise your blood sugar, especially for the skin
Regular meals with protein and fibre may help to avoid large blood sugar spikes. Because a high insulin level can intensify the androgen effect on the skin, a calmer blood sugar could also make a difference for the skin in this phase. There are no robust studies on this specifically for the post-pill phase, it is an inference from the mechanism. You do not have to eat perfectly. Even stable rather than roller-coaster meals may help the system.
Protect sleep and the nervous system
The axis that steers your ovulation is closely coupled with the stress system. A steady sleep rhythm and real recovery windows may help the ovarian control come back into step. Breathing, walks and screen breaks are not an add-on in this phase. They can act on the stress system, and that is closely coupled with the axis that co-steers your cycle.
Have the nutrient stores measured and have what persists assessed
For some micronutrients, above all folate and vitamin B12, lower levels have been described on the pill. With iron it is more complicated the other way round, because bleeding on the pill is usually lighter and the store may therefore be higher. That is exactly why it is worth measuring rather than guessing before you take anything. If you want to become pregnant, folate belongs in the picture before the pregnancy, and you discuss the right amount with your doctor. If complaints persist over several months, or the period stays away, diagnostics that look at thyroid, iron, blood sugar and possible PCOS belong with it, rather than waiting longer.
Some women ask about herbal support during this time, often about chasteberry. Chasteberry, botanically Vitex agnus-castus, is not a food supplement but a licensed herbal medicine from the pharmacy, licensed in Germany for premenstrual syndrome, breast tenderness and cycle disturbances. For the post-pill phase itself it is not licensed, so use there would be outside the licence, and the data on it are thin. In premenstrual syndrome the data are better. An open prospective multicentre study in 50 patients without a control group showed a reduction in complaints of around 42 percent over three cycles, with just under half of the evaluated women counted as responders (Berger 2000, Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, doi:10.1007/s004040000123, PMID: 11129515). This study had no placebo group. In PMS the placebo effect is high, so a result like this alone says little. Two meta-analyses found an advantage over placebo, but urged clear caution: a high risk of bias, large differences between the studies and signs of publication bias (Verkaik 2017, doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.028, PMID: 28237870; Csupor 2019, doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.024, PMID: 31780016). Chasteberry can therefore ease cycle-related complaints, but it does not replace an assessment, and it has limits. It should not be taken in pregnancy or while breastfeeding, nor with hormone-dependent tumours or disorders of the pituitary gland. It can also interact with dopamine agonists, dopamine antagonists and hormone therapies, and it can have side effects, among them nausea, headache, skin reactions and cycle changes. So talk it through with a doctor before taking it, especially with a wish to conceive. I deliberately give no dosages here, those belong in a conversation.
Your body does not sleep forever, it is only waking up again
Coming off the pill is not a punishment and not damage. It is the return to your own rhythm. Some of it takes time, some of it shows you what already needed attention before. If you support the whole system and look closely at what is transition and what is an old theme, you give your body the best chance to find its beat again.
Frequently asked questions about coming off the pill
What happens in my body when I stop taking the pill?
For years the combined pill has kept your body's own control of the ovaries and hormones quiet. After you stop, the axis of hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries has to find its own rhythm again. In many women this happens within a few weeks to months, in some it takes longer. During this transition you may temporarily see spotting, an irregular cycle, skin changes or hair shedding. The key is the framing: part of this is a genuine transition, and part of it is the reappearance of issues that were already there before the pill and were only masked by it. Persistent or new symptoms should be assessed by a doctor.
Does post-pill syndrome really exist?
The term post-pill syndrome is not an official medical diagnosis, but an umbrella label for complaints that can appear after stopping the pill. That does not mean the symptoms are imagined. It means very different things can sit behind them: a temporary hormonal transition, an altered sex hormone-binding globulin, or an underlying condition such as PCOS that was previously masked by the pill. The most honest stance is therefore not to speak of a single syndrome, but to assess each complaint individually and look for its cause.
How long does it take for my cycle to come back after the pill?
In most women the period returns within one to three months after stopping. A large review on the return of fertility shows that around 83 percent of women conceive within twelve months of stopping a contraceptive, regardless of duration and method. So there can be a short, temporary delay. These data give no indication of lasting harm to fertility. Conversely, around one in six women was not pregnant after twelve months. If it takes longer than twelve months, and from the age of 35 already after six months, that should be assessed by a doctor. If the period stays away for more than three months, the first step is a pregnancy test, and after that it should be assessed by a doctor. Treatable causes such as a thyroid disorder, PCOS, a raised prolactin level, very low body weight or a premature exhaustion of the ovaries can sit behind it.
Why do I get acne after stopping the pill?
Many combined pills raise sex hormone-binding globulin and lower the effect of male hormones. This calms the sebaceous glands and may keep the skin clear for years. After stopping, this dampening effect can fade, the androgen effect on the skin rises again, and sebum production increases. In women with a predisposition to androgen-sensitive skin or with PCOS, acne that was only suppressed before may return. This is usually not a new problem but an old one becoming visible again. Alongside treating the skin itself, it is therefore also worth looking at blood sugar, insulin and skin care.
Can I lose hair after stopping the pill?
Temporary hair shedding after stopping the pill is described. Dermatological reviews count oral contraceptives among the triggers of a so-called telogen effluvium, which can also occur after stopping. In this, more hairs move into the shedding phase at the same time. Such hair loss is usually diffuse and temporary, and it can resolve over several months. The authors stress, however, that the link between a drug and hair loss has only really been proven for a few substances. Alongside, it is worth looking at iron, ferritin and the thyroid, because a deficiency can intensify the shedding. If the hair loss persists, is pronounced or the crown area thins, it should be assessed by a doctor, because something else can sit behind it.
What about sex hormone-binding globulin after the pill?
The combined pill can strongly raise sex hormone-binding globulin, or SHBG, in smaller studies by around 250 to 300 percent. SHBG binds free sex hormones, especially testosterone, and makes them less active. After stopping, SHBG usually falls again. A study in women with sexual complaints suggests that in some women SHBG may stay elevated for months after stopping, compared with women who never took the pill. Whether this is relevant in the long term has not been conclusively clarified scientifically. But it does show that the transition varies individually.
Which symptoms after stopping the pill are normal and which are not?
Part of the transition can be an irregular cycle in the first months, light spotting, mild skin changes, temporary diffuse hair shedding and mood swings while the system settles. Even so, one point matters: bleeding between periods is not a symptom you should simply attribute to the pill. A pregnancy, an infection, a polyp or a change at the cervix can sit behind it. Have bleeding outside your period, bleeding after sex and any bleeding that worries you looked at by a gynaecologist. That is quickly done and creates clarity. You should also have a doctor assess: a period that stays away for more than three months, very heavy or painful bleeding, pronounced acne or increased body hair with voice change, severe low moods, as well as complaints that do not ease but increase. These signs can point to an underlying condition that exists independently of the pill.
Does my mood change after stopping the pill?
This is possible, and in both directions. A very large Danish cohort study found that the use of hormonal contraception was associated with a slightly increased risk of later depression and of starting antidepressants for the first time, especially in adolescents. It does not automatically follow that everyone feels better after stopping, because the study shows an association, not a necessary cause. After stopping, mood may improve because a dampening influence falls away. It may also temporarily worsen because the hormonal system has to readjust. With persistent low moods, medical support is important.
What is the difference between a genuine transition and returning baseline issues?
This is the decisive question after stopping. A genuine transition is temporary: the body finds its rhythm and the complaints ease over weeks to months. Returning baseline issues, by contrast, are themes that existed before the pill and were only masked by it, such as heavy period pain, marked PMS, hormonal acne or an irregular cycle with PCOS. Many women start the pill precisely because of such complaints. After stopping they reappear and look like a new post-pill problem, but they are really the old, untreated foundation. This distinction determines whether you wait or look specifically for the cause.
What can I do to support my body when coming off the pill?
Before adjusting individual hormones, it is worth looking at the basics. Meals with protein and fibre may help to avoid large blood sugar spikes, and because a high insulin level can intensify the androgen effect on the skin, that could also make a difference for the skin. This is not established specifically for the post-pill phase, it is an inference from the mechanism. A protected nervous system with a steady sleep rhythm may help the ovarian control come back into step. And filled nutrient stores may support skin, hair and mood during the transition. For folate and vitamin B12, lower levels have been described on the pill, while for iron the picture is less consistent, so it is worth measuring rather than guessing before you take anything. This does not replace diagnostics, but it creates a good starting point. You find your individual path with medical support.
When should I see a doctor after stopping the pill?
Much of the post-pill phase is temporary and settles on its own. Still, no online text replaces a medical assessment. You should urgently have assessed: a period that stays away for more than three months without pregnancy, very heavy or persistent bleeding, pronounced acne or increased body hair with voice change, severe or persistent hair loss, as well as severe low moods with despair or hopelessness. Treatable causes such as PCOS, a thyroid disorder or iron deficiency can sit behind such complaints. If you have thoughts of no longer wanting to live, please get help immediately. In Germany the Telefonseelsorge is available around the clock and free of charge on 0800 111 0 111 or 0800 111 0 222. In an acute emergency call 112 or go to the nearest psychiatric emergency department.
All themes in the "Hormone Guide" cluster
This article is part of the "Hormone Guide" series. Here you can go back to the overview and to the related themes around the female hormone system.
- Hormonal Imbalance in Women (overview/pillar)
- Estrogen Dominance: recognising symptoms and addressing them naturally
- Xenoestrogens: hormone disruptors in everyday life
- Coming off the pill: what happens in your body
- Progesterone deficiency: symptoms and testing
- PMS: symptoms and what can help
- PMDD: when PMS hits the psyche
- Perimenopause: symptoms and when it begins
- Menopause: symptoms and what can help
- PCO syndrome: causes and symptoms
- Hormonal acne from within
- Endometriosis: an integrative view
- Hormone-free contraception compared
- Loss of libido in women
- Testing hormones: which test, when
- Lowering estrogen naturally (liver)
- Cycle-based nutrition
- The thyroid and female hormones
- Insulin resistance and hormones
- Cortisol, stress and female hormones
- Chasteberry and herbal hormone helpers
Connections to other themes
When skin and cycle fall out of step after stopping, it is worth looking at the ratio of oestrogen and progesterone.
A borderline thyroid can disturb the cycle and feel like a post-pill problem after stopping, but it is a theme of its own.
The pill can influence some laboratory values. A low iron store can additionally intensify hair shedding and exhaustion during the transition, so it is worth having it measured.
The stress system is closely coupled with the ovarian control and can influence how quickly the cycle returns after the pill.
The gut co-acts on oestrogen metabolism. Whether hormonal contraception meaningfully changes the gut flora has barely been studied so far and is an open question at the moment.
Those thinking about other contraception after the pill find an honest look at the hormone-free copper coil here.
Sources and further reading
- Girum T, Wasie A. Return of fertility after discontinuation of contraception: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Contracept Reprod Med. 2018;3:9. doi:10.1186/s40834-018-0064-y · PMID: 30062044 [Meta-analysis]
- Mikkelsen EM, Riis AH, Wise LA, Hatch EE, Rothman KJ, Sørensen HT. Pre-gravid oral contraceptive use and time to pregnancy: a Danish prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(5):1398-1405. doi:10.1093/humrep/det023 · PMID: 23427234 [Cohort, n=3,727]
- Jung-Hoffmann C, Heidt F, Kuhl H. Effect of two oral contraceptives containing 30 micrograms ethinylestradiol and 75 micrograms gestodene or 150 micrograms desogestrel upon various hormonal parameters. Contraception. 1988;38(6):593-603. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(88)90044-3 · PMID: 2975582 [RCT, n=22]
- Panzer C, Wise S, Fantini G, Kang D, Munarriz R, Guay A, Goldstein I. Impact of oral contraceptives on sex hormone-binding globulin and androgen levels: a retrospective study in women with sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2006;3(1):104-113. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00198.x · PMID: 16409223 [Cohort, n=124]
- Skovlund CW, Mørch LS, Kessing LV, Lidegaard Ø. Association of Hormonal Contraception With Depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(11):1154-1162. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387 · PMID: 27680324 [Cohort, n=1,061,997]
- Del Rosso JQ, Kircik L. The primary role of sebum in the pathophysiology of acne vulgaris and its therapeutic relevance in acne management. J Dermatolog Treat. 2023;35(1):2296855. doi:10.1080/09546634.2023.2296855 · PMID: 38146664 [Review]
- Cooper AJ, Harris VR. Modern management of acne. Med J Aust. 2017;206(1):41-45. doi:10.5694/mja16.00516 · PMID: 28076744 [Review]
- Piraccini BM, Iorizzo M, Rech G, Tosti A. Drug-induced hair disorders. Curr Drug Saf. 2006;1(3):301-305. doi:10.2174/157488606777934477 · PMID: 18690941 [Review]
- Pierudzka W, Slawatycki J, Klemenska P, et al. Hormonal Contraceptives and the Gut Microbiome in Female Athletes. Cureus. 2025;17(7):e88789. doi:10.7759/cureus.88789 · PMID: 40873851 [narrative review, no primary data]
- Berger D, Schaffner W, Schrader E, Meier B, Brattström A. Efficacy of Vitex agnus castus L. extract Ze 440 in patients with pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS). Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2000;264(3):150-153. doi:10.1007/s004040000123 · PMID: 11129515 [open prospective multicentre study, n=50, no control group]
- Verkaik S, Kamperman AM, van Westrhenen R, Schulte PFJ. The treatment of premenstrual syndrome with preparations of Vitex agnus castus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(2):150-166. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.028 · PMID: 28237870 [Meta-analysis]
- Csupor D, Lantos T, Hegyi P, et al. Vitex agnus-castus in premenstrual syndrome: A meta-analysis of double-blind randomised controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2019;47:102190. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.024 · PMID: 31780016 [Meta-analysis]